When Do You Need a Lawyer?

Lawyers are expensive, so it is fair to ask when one is truly needed. The answer depends on what is at stake and how complex the rules are.

Situations where a lawyer is usually essential

• Criminal charges, including DUI and domestic violence; you may qualify for a public defender (Cornell LII). See do public defenders do a good job.
• Immigration proceedings or applications with any complications.
• Serious injuries from an accident or medical error.
• Being sued, especially when the claim is large or the other side has a lawyer.
• Divorce with children, significant property or abuse.
• Buying or selling a business, or partnership disputes.
• Estates with real estate, a business, blended families or tax issues.
• Employment claims for discrimination, retaliation or wrongful termination, where deadlines are short.
• Bankruptcy, particularly Chapter 13.
• Tax problems involving fraud, audits of large amounts, or criminal investigation.

Situations you may handle yourself

• Small claims court cases
• Simple uncontested divorces without children or significant assets
• Traffic tickets that do not threaten your license or job
• Simple wills, using a reputable form
• Disputing a credit report error or a straightforward consumer complaint

Middle options

• Limited-scope representation: a lawyer handles only part of the case, such as reviewing documents or appearing at one hearing. The ABA Model Rules allow limiting the scope of representation if it is reasonable and the client gives informed consent (Model Rule 1.2(c)).
• One-time consultations to understand rights and deadlines.
• Court self-help centers and legal aid; see free legal help.

How lawyers charge

Hourly fees, flat fees, contingency fees for injury and some employment cases, and retainers (ABA Model Rule 1.5). See contingency fees and retainers.

Signs you should call now

• You received court papers, a government notice, or a demand letter with a deadline.
• You are asked to sign a document that waives rights, such as a release, severance or plea agreement.
• Someone is threatening to sue or report you.
• An insurance company is delaying or denying a large claim.

Choosing a lawyer

Look for experience in your specific issue and court, clear fee terms in writing, and good communication. Our directory lists lawyers by practice area and city.

Sources

1. American Bar Association: Model Rule 1.5, Fees
2. American Bar Association: Model Rule 1.2, Scope of representation
3. Cornell Law School LII: Right to counsel